𝑨 𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒂 𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒚 𝒔𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒅𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒅 (𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒆𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆) 𝒕𝒐 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈 𝒍𝒊𝒇𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒍𝒚. 𝑵𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒇𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑮𝒓𝒆𝒆𝒌 𝒈𝒐𝒅𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒂𝒍 𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒅𝒚 𝑷𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒂, 𝒊𝒕 𝒘𝒂𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒂𝒔𝒕 𝒔𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒃𝒚 𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒎𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒙𝒊𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒊𝒇𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒉𝒊𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒐𝒑𝒉𝒆𝒓'𝒔 𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒏𝒆, 𝒂 𝒎𝒚𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒘𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒅 𝒆𝒏𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒎𝒖𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒎𝒐𝒏 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒍𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒐 𝒈𝒐𝒍𝒅. 𝑻𝒉𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉 𝒕𝒉𝒆 18𝒕𝒉 𝒂𝒏𝒅 19𝒕𝒉 𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔, 𝒎𝒂𝒏𝒚 "𝒑𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒎𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒔" 𝒘𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒐 𝒃𝒆 𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒂𝒔, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒚 𝒃𝒆𝒄𝒂𝒎𝒆 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒚 𝒃𝒊𝒈 𝒃𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔. 𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎 "𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒂" 𝒊𝒔 𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝒂 𝒏𝒆𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒘𝒂𝒚 𝒕𝒐 𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒄𝒓𝒊𝒃𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒏𝒚 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒐 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒏𝒚 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒃𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒔, 𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒚 𝒊𝒏 𝒎𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒏𝒆.𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒅 𝒉𝒂𝒔 𝒂𝒄𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒏𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒏𝒂𝒌𝒆 𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒄𝒌𝒆𝒓𝒚. 𝑨 𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒂 (𝒐𝒓 𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒖𝒎) 𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒍𝒔𝒐 𝒂 𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎 𝒕𝒐 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒚 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒐 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒃𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒐 𝒂 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒊𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒆. 𝑰𝒏 𝑮𝒓𝒆𝒆𝒌 𝒎𝒚𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒚, 𝑷𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒂 𝒘𝒂𝒔 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒂𝒖𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑮𝒓𝒆𝒆𝒌 𝒈𝒐𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝑨𝒔𝒄𝒍𝒆𝒑𝒊𝒖𝒔, 𝒂𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝒇𝒐𝒖𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔, 𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒉𝒐𝒎 𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒂𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒍𝒕𝒉 𝒄𝒂𝒓𝒆. 𝑨𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑮𝒓𝒆𝒆𝒌 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑹𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒏 𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒔 𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒄𝒓𝒊𝒃𝒆𝒅 𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒘𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒅 𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒓 𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒔, 𝒔𝒖𝒄𝒉 𝒂𝒔 𝑶𝒑𝒐𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒙 𝒔𝒑., 𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒔𝒑., 𝑳𝒆𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒆, 𝑨𝒄𝒉𝒊𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒂 𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒖𝒎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑬𝒄𝒉𝒊𝒏𝒐𝒑𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒂 𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒖𝒊𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒂.
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝑪𝒂𝒉𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒍𝒂 𝒑𝒆𝒐𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑪𝒐𝒍𝒐𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒐 𝑫𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒕 𝒓𝒆𝒈𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒏𝒊𝒂 𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒔𝒂𝒑 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒑𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒆 (𝑩𝒖𝒓𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒂 𝒎𝒊𝒄𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒉𝒚𝒍𝒍𝒂) 𝒂𝒔 𝒂 𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒂. 𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝑳𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏 𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒖𝒔 𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒈 𝒊𝒔 𝑷𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒙, (𝒐𝒓 "𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒂") 𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒏 𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑪𝒉𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒆 𝒎𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒈 𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒍𝒚 𝒂𝒔 𝒂 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒆-𝒂𝒍𝒍.
𝑰𝒏 1581 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑫𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒉 𝒅𝒐𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑮𝒊𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝑬𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒓𝒅 (𝒂𝒍𝒔𝒐 𝒌𝒏𝒐𝒘𝒏 𝒂𝒔 𝑮𝒊𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝑬𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒔) 𝒑𝒖𝒃𝒍𝒊𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒅 𝑶𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑷𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒂 𝑯𝒆𝒓𝒃 [𝑫𝒆 𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒃𝒂 𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒂], 𝒂 𝒃𝒐𝒐𝒌 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒐𝒃𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒐, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒈𝒓𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒊𝒏 𝒑𝒐𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒂𝒇𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒐 𝑬𝒖𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆, 𝒘𝒂𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈-𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒂. 𝑨 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒃𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒐 𝒉𝒊𝒎 𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝑬𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒊𝒔𝒉 𝒊𝒏 1659, 𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒍𝒆𝒅 𝑷𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒂; 𝑶𝒓 𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝑼𝒏𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒂𝒍 𝑴𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒏𝒆: 𝑩𝒆𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒂 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑾𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓𝒇𝒖𝒍𝒍 𝑽𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒖𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑻𝒐𝒃𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒐 𝑻𝒂𝒌𝒆𝒏 𝒊𝒏 𝒂 𝑷𝒊𝒑𝒆, 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝑰𝒕𝒔 𝑶𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝑩𝒐𝒕𝒉 𝒊𝒏 𝑷𝒉𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒄𝒌 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪𝒉𝒚𝒓𝒖𝒓𝒈𝒆𝒓𝒚.